The presidents of Dominica
Dominica News Online - Tuesday, September 18th, 2012 at 9:47 AM
Men who have served as president of Dominica (from left) Fred Degazon, Aurelius Marie, Sir Clarence Signoret, Crispin Sorhaindo, Vernon Shaw and Nicholas Liverpool.
Since gaining independence on November 3rd, 1978 from Britain, seven men have held the prestigious seat of President of the Commonwealth of Dominica.
They are Frederick Degazon, Aurelius Marie, Sir Clarence Seignoret, Crispin Sorhaindo, Vernon Shaw, Dr. Nicholas Liverpool and Eliud Williams.
On December 21, 1978 Frederick Degazon was elected by the House of Assembly as the first president of Dominica. He took up office on January 19, 1979 after being speaker of the House of Assembly from 1977-78. He was born in St. Lucia in 1913 and practiced privately as an attorney. During the disturbances associated with the constitutional crisis in June 1979, he and his wife fled from the island at dawn and secretly escaped to England via Antigua leaving the island without a president. On Wednesday, January 30, 1980, it was announced in parliament that a telegram was recieved from the High Commissioner in London stating that President Degazon had resigned with effect from January 29, 1980.
The House of Assembly then elected Aurelius Marie on February 25, 1980 for the seat of president. Marie took the Oath of Office a day later before Justice Cecil Hewlett. He served as president until 1983
Sir Clarence Seignoret was elected by the House of Assembly on December 19, 1983 for a term commencing December 21, 1983. Sir Clarence had been acting as President since May 23, 1983 because of Marie’s illness and took Oath on December 19, 1983. He was elected for a further term in office by the House of Assembly on October 24, 1988 and took Oath on December 20, 1988 and served as president until 1993. Apart from being the President of Dominica, Sir Clarence was also the first Cabinet Secretary and a civil servant. He was born in Roseau in 1919 and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II during her second visit to Dominica. He was awarded the Dominica Award of Honor by the State in 1994, Order of the Liberator granted by Venezuela in 1987 and Knight of Malta in 1992. Sir Clarence passed away on 5th May, 2002.
Vielle Casse native Crispin Anselm Sorhaindo was Sir Clarence’s successor. He was the Speaker of the Dominica House of Assembly from 1989-1993 and then was elected President of Dominica, serving one term, 1993-1998. Sorhaindo was a delegate at the London Conference in 1966 that created Dominica as a self-governing Associated State of Britain, Speaker of the House of Assembly, Vice President and Director of the Caribbean Development Bank, Financial Secretary of Dominica and Clerk of the Executive and Legislative Councils. For his services to the state, Sorhaindo was awarded the Dominica Award of Honour (D.A.H) Dominica’s highest state award, Order of the British Empire (OBE) and the Venezuelan Naval Medal Almirante Luis Brion. In recognition of his significant contribution to the Roman Catholic Church in Dominica in various capacities, Sorhaindo received the Papal Award of Knight Commander of the Order of St. Sylvester in 1993. He died of cancer at 78 on January, 2010.
Fifth President of the Commonwealth of Dominica, Vernon Lorden Shaw was sworn in on October 2nd 1998 and served as President until 2003. Shaw received various national awards including the Sisserou Award of Honor conferred in 1990, and the Dominica Award of Honor in 2001. He was one of the first Permanent Secretaries in 1967 when Dominica gained internal self-government as an Associated State of Britain. He initially served in the Ministry of Education and Health and later became Chief Establishment Officer in 1971 in External Affairs. In 1977 he was appointed Secretary to the Cabinet and was reconfirmed in the post on independence of November 3, 1978 as well as being made Ambassador at Large and Inspector of Missions. Between 1991 and 1993 he served as Resident Tutor for the University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies in Roseau.
Dr. Nicholas Liverpool was born on September 9, 1934 and is a well respected jurist. He spent 18 years as a law lecturer at the University of the West Indies in Barbados and in 1992 became dean of its law school. He served as a regional judge and then an appeal court judge in several countries in the Caribbean including Belize and Grenada. He served as high court judge in Antigua and Montserrat. He became Dominica’s ambassador to the United States in 1998 and remained in that capacity until 2001. In July 2008 he agreed to serve a second term as President upon the expiration of his first term, following a joint nomination by Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit and then Opposition Leader Earl Williams.
He was replaced by Eliud Williams who was sworn in as president on September 17, 2012.
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68 Comments
With due respect to DNO the man Jenner Armour was the CONSTITUTIONAL President of Dominca during the period you mentioned ..He was sworn in as such perfomed as such even more swore in the incoming Prime Minister of the interim O.J.SERAPHIN .
If he was not the bona fide President then we had no legitimate President during the period you mentioned and we would have had an constitutional government ! The Constitution has no provision for terminilogy of “acting’ when there is no PRESIDENT IN THAT OFFICE as you referred to .. when Fred Degazon fled in fear for his life one early morning at MELVILLE HAll AIRPORT during the uprising of 29th may 1979 .The seat of President became vacant and Armour was sworn in as the PRESIDENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA -not ACTING ! Where in our constituition can we find the process for the appointment of THE ACTING PRESIDENT WHEN THERE IS NO SUBSTANTIAL EXISTING PRESIDENT ? To be more correct Degazon did send his letter of resignation from London and so the Presidency was vacant ..if it was then to finish the term of Degazon what then is Eluid Williams –acting too?
He is after all completing the Liverpool term .. let us not conjure our History
President Armour was PRESIDENT who facilitated the transition into democratic and constitutional Governance and due process following the anarchy of 29th May 1979 and was our head of state during Hurricande David which devastated the country .
Armour served faithfully and well, as our Presidernt indeed during the period when world attention and visiting LEADERS were highly active following the 29th My 1979 disturbancies and the Hurricane .
We do have a tendency to rewrite history from our perceptions so please now explain who and what was Sir Cools Lartigue…THE MAN STONED … whose vehicle was burnt and forced to resign by mobs during the period of attrition of 29th My 1979?
If History is being written the total picture must be given ,,,former Governor Lartigue was made PRESIDENT …and one week later resigned under duress !!! Hence the arrival of Jenner Armour to the PRESIDENCY OF DOMINCA !
DNO while I applaud you for this article, if you commit yourself to doing something please do it well. Jenner Armour was in fact President of Dominica (not acting). He resigned to contest the general elections of 1980.
Also while you explained the departure of Fred Degazon, it must be noted that Mr. Crispin Soraindho indeed wanted to serve a second term but the then UWP government wanted Vernon Shaw for to this day reasons unknown. Then Mr. Shaw stated clearly that he did not want to serve a second term. Also this story should point out the Presidents who are still alive at this time.
Mr. Cools Lartigue was an extremely nice man. Whenever I saw him he was always so friendly and polite. He always greeted me even from standing on his balcony when I passed by. I cannot recall seeing him with a serious face.
When I read of these goings-on whether past or present, it is not encouraging to return home for good. Such attitude will prevent some people from doing good for Dominica. Those who create trouble in Dominica and for others are their own enemies.
Those people who gave Mr. Cools Lartigue such a rough time, burned his vehicle and forced him to resign were hard of heart and wicked ones why they gave him such a hard time.
Dominicans who knew them would refer to them as the “Lartigues” for short. As I remember them all, the Lartigues I knew them as friendly people. There was one who was in the same Form as I at the CHS. I recall that she was a friendly person. I can picture her smiling face. There was not a trace of evil in her.
God rewards the good and punishes the wicked. Those troublemakers who predeceased us met their fate and those to come surely will.
thanks for the info DNO……students could get some good notes from this for a social studies project….
One of the main goals of Social Studies is to teach students to think logically, critically, and creatively. They should also be taught cognitive skills of interpreting, analyzing, logical reasoning and drawing conclusions. Note taking is a mechanical skill. I would prefer that you should encourage them to read the piece, analyze it to make better meaning of it. Social Studies is my business.
@ Kathy
Who said they do not understand it? Unless you can read it, the reply of those who comment. Some of you are too concerned with so-called modern days. This is why you cannot control the behavior of children. Children of today are not as obedient as those of bygone years. You are too concerned about books.
The same problem occurs with someone whom I know who is a social worker and who has a degree. They go by the books. This is the problem with some so-called experts of today. Only God knows what the children of the future will be and will become. God help us, help them and the world.
@ Jae
I agree, thanks to DNO. I found it informative. We tend to forget important history of our country. It is wise to keep a record of it and also for referral, should it be needed.
Thanks DNO for the info. The Dr. Liverpool has so much eperience listed and so sad the ex- president was behaving dumb. Even Sir Brior.
Why?
@ BRAIN DAMAGE
You are indeed brain damaged.
I am certain that the former president was not playing dumb. He had a position and obligation to fulfill and this is what he did. Some of you speak without thinking. I do think you have no brains.
Canada has a governor general which would be similar to the DA president’s position. The reason why Canada has a governor general it is because it is still a sovereign country. Otherwise it may have had a president.
None of us in Canada question the governor general’s position and we do not criticize him. It is something some of you need to learn. Two of them are also obedience and respect which you lack.
Interesting piece of Gibberish as it appears according to the paperwork Dominica never gained Independence,,, well actually the statement was probably Correct cause actually it is not even clear who Dominican Officials Claimed the independence was from as there is definitely distinctive differences between England, United Kingdom, and Britain,,,
ALL mista dem did back then was signed arbitrary rules to give the House of Windsor and the British Monarchy a different Hold on Dominica but changing its Arbitrary Hold(s) in the guise of independence,,,
allyou should try reading the Commonwealth of Dominica’s Constitution a little closer,,, keep in mind there is a difference between Commonwealth of Dominica and Dominica yeh,,,
Fact: when the island was discovered it wasn’t Commonwealth of Nothing it was just island,,, then it was turned into Commonwealth in 1978,,,
Acquisition, deprivation and renunciation.
101.- There shall be such provisions as may be made by parliament for-
the acquisition of citizenship of Dominica by person who are not eligible or who are no longer eligible to become citizens of Dominica under the provisions of this Chapter; depriving of his citizenship of Dominica any person who is a citizen of Dominica otherwise than by virtue of section 97, 98 or 99 of this Constitution;
the renunciation by any person of his citizenship of Dominica.
Interpretation
102.-
In this Chapter-
“alien” means a person who is not a Commonwealth citizen, a British protected person or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland;
“British protected person” means a person who is a British protected person for the purpose of he British nationality Act 1948 or any Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom altering that Act.
How can a British-man and an irish man have same rights in Dominica as he has in his homeland,,,
According to what I grasp from the aforesaid section(s), an irish-man and a british-man is not considered as an Alien but actually has the same right(s) as Dominicans do,,,
Dat doesn’t make any sense to me nuh,,, if Dominica was truly independent wouldn’t these albinos be considered Aliens???
I am sure they cannot make the Same claim with United States of America,,,
You all go to all Caribbean islands other countries backdoor and otherwise. You all want green card, citizenship, naturalization and some remain illegal for years. Now you want no one to migrate to Dominica? No man is an island. Remove the mote from your miopic eye.
that is the most stupid thing I ever read. U are apparently in need a lesson on the constitution
I would like to respond to you at length but at this time I will simply state that you are the one who is talking gibberish. You are a rasta, a radical, a one-man show and so we should not expect any better from you. Your comments serve no useful purpose and will get you nowhere. It is a waste of time. I do hope the youth of all are not influenced by your radical views.
Nice piece D.N.O.
Well since a little civic lesson pop up, all you want the whole Dominica story?
ask Lennox honeychurch to post the Dominica’s story online for those who want more.
@ colour gray
They should purchase the book. I have one of the first ones that Lennox wrote.
in spite of all the controversy, I would like to congratulate Mr. Williams on his new appointment. Mr. Williams served with distinction and integrity as a civil servant and on several boards and committees. He is of good repute and sound character. “haiyee chien di dant blanc”
bouche cabritt
A country with ‘No law No Constitution”. Ask Skerrit!
Educate yourself and gain some knowledge of Dominica and economics so that one day you could vie for either the position of prime minister or president. Some of you talk but you do absolutely nothing to make Dominica a better place. A lot of talk and no action. What a useless life.
That MR.Degazon I remember him well? I meet him in England recently. Noble Man????? RIGHT!!!!
ahhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Ok, nice little education piece on our ‘Presidents’, I also see somewhat of a bio for some of them.
What I do not see is their impact on Dominica and society on a whole. What changes did they bring? What are their major achievements while in office that made an impact on Dominica?
I mean apart from fleeing the country in a time of crisis, I see no major impact or contribution that these guys made while being in office. In fact I will even go further to state that any impact these guys made on society was either before or after their terms in office.
I stand to be corrected, but as far as I can see this office contributes nothing that justifies its expense in such a small economy as ours.
Not only are your comments lacking in facts, but they don’t apply to every one of these former presidents. You should know that presidents are not the “number one” person in charge of the country, so you must understand that they don’t set policy; the Prime minister does that. They are not there to take the lead, but to follow in accordance with whatever direction the prime minister and his administration wants to take the country.
In such a position, your ability to make a visible or memorable impact is very limited because you are in a supportive role. If you truly want to know their impact on the country, instead of just summarily dismissing their contributions, you should spend some time and find out what they did before they were elected.
For instance, Aurelius Marie was one of the longest (if not the longest)serving Magistrates in the country’s history. And he was not there because he refused to retire – he retired three times before he was chosen to replace the outgoing president. He must have truly made an impact on the courts (and in the lives of ordinary people who came before him) to have been recalled to service on several occasions.
And you must be careful when you accuse everyone of them of “fleeing the country in a time of crisis” because that is not true. Not every president was in an administration that was in crisis; some were voted out with their administration, or even had to resign because of illness (such was the case with Mr. Marie).
Criticism without facts does no one good.
Fellow Dominican,
I have copied some lines from my original post and this should just about answer or counter any of your points that you brought up.
What changes did they bring? What are their major achievements while in office that made an impact on Dominica?
Also, I see no major impact or contribution that these guys made while being in office. In fact I will even go further to state that any impact these guys made on society was either before or after their terms in office.
All in all, the office of Presidency is not justifying its expense, especially when you consider the palace they just got there.
Honestly,
DNO did a good thing by posting a brief synopsis of our Presidents. If you want further inquiry, please pick up a history book…this is not the place for DNO to be writing our history to fellow Dominicans. It shows your laziness to educate your own-self. If you don’t remember or understand, it’s a simple download of Lennox Honeychurch book online (pay your fee) or buy a book. Stop with all the laziness on here…stop asking questions that you can google or research yourself. Give us the readers a break.
@ A Voice
You were too blind and deaf to see and note the impact they had on Dominica, what they did for Dominica. I personally knew a few of them. They did not have to shout it to the rooftops for all to hear and to see. They were not show-offs. They performed their duties conscientiously, diligently and with class and dignity. It is the same manner in which they live(d).
When you criticize and ask such questions, others will ask you, what impact do you have on Dominica and nationals? If you cannot answer that, hold your peace and fingers to the keyboard.
But Dominica was without a President from June 1979 until February 1980.
So why the urgency to elect this current one in so much RoRO?
Mr. Jenner Armour was the acting President, then ran as an independent candidate in July 1980 where Walters is now the representative Paix Bouche (spelling might be wrong). Mr.Marie then continued after Mr. Armour.
@ Ministry
So-called Ministry, did you calculate how many years from 1980 to 2012? Need I calculate it for you who are living behind the times?
Thank you DNO for this very informative and useful article. Two thumbs up!!
@ Solo
One hundred per cent thumbs up for DNO.
Good Info DNO. I hope the youths of today will take this information seriously.
I hope mr. Eluid Williams took note of the many instances in which Dominica wasa left without a president since his rational for accepting the position is based on the flexible facts that ‘the constitution states that the country should not remain with out a president for even a day.’ That’s Mr. Williams first interpretation of second two of the constitution according to him.
I think his story is more like, ‘If you don’t accept this offer, you will never get it again because I have someone else in mine.’…YOURS FAITHFULLY, HEAD MAN IN CHARGE.
Perhaps the Constitution has changed from since then. Did you research before commenting?
Are you looking for an excuse to support the illegality? Have you done any research yourself?
I found one part of this history lesson rather interesting. “Sir Clarence Seignoret was elected by the House of Assembly on December 19, 1983 for a term commencing December 21, 1983. Sir Clarence had been acting as President since May 23, 1983 because of Marie’s illness and took Oath on December 19, 1983.”
This suggests to me that there was precedent set which could and should have been followed if skerritt and Eluid Williams were interested in respecting the constitution. Take note people that this precedent is not based on a doctrine of necessity but in conformity with the constitution. So when Eluid Williams made his speech and spoke about who casually suggested what, was he just casually suggesting that things could not have been done differently?
Mr. Williams further called on Dominicans to put aside partisan considerations and work together, but I am now left to question the sincerity of that request. Did the good gentleman offer that advise and admonition to his lord and master, skerritt? Wasn’t he aware of this bit of our history so that he could advise skerritt to work together with those who were pointing him in the direction of this precedent and do things correctly?
Understand that the President’s term is due to expire, Parliament has to elect a new President within 90 days of the term expiring. That may explain the difference between when he was elected and when he was sworn in.
What is your point? Anything happened to Dominica then? Dominica did not fall. Dominicans were living as they are accustomed to. They did not starve. Need I say more?
Please do some further research and rewrite the article. It is incorrect. Jenner Bourne Maud Armour served as president of Dominica in 1980;that was before Sir Clarence I believe.
Sorry. Armour did not serve as President. He was Acting President because the real President was still in the post although he was hiding in England.
That President Fred Degazon eventually resigned in February 1980 and so did Armour. This enabled a new President Aurelius Marie to be elected on 25 February 1980.
@ Kairi
Due to the mess Dominica was in then by radicals. Some people do not appreciate good people. They rather destroy their country and see it destroyed than accept dignified people.
This is also evident at election time. The PM should bring in an Army at that time to quell the actions of radicals, troublemakers.
May i commend DNO and its editorial staff for valuable information that is a civic lesson for our modern day youth and by extension for those of us Dominicans who dont read and are not aware of what went on in the past, what is missing out of this article is that i thought your editorial staff in its conclusion would tells; never in the History of Dominica since gaining Independence was there any Constitutional contraversy in the appointment of any of these noble men who served us well with the exception of Nicholas Liverpool who in his tenure had many questions unanswered. The question that still needs to be answered is: is the appointment of Elude Williams a constitutional one?? Dominica’s Distinguish Jurist Sir Brian Alleyne gave us the answer and his answer was never challenged, instead he was given a response about seating on something in Belfast. Time will Tell (Masterlyn Labad)
Hey, Excuse me, but Mr. B. Alleyne CANNOT be quoted as an impatial abjucator in this matter since the likes of you know jolly well that the man is still a political activist diabolically opposed to this government and has been singing the opposition tunes ever since he returned to Dominica. In fact, it is a publicly known secret that he is eying the presidency himself and as such I am pretty sure that this would upset him even more to see that the ‘little man’ from Salisbury (with no big surname) has eclipsed him to the presidency.
@ Anonymous
I am sorry to hear this about Brian Alleyne, someone whom I know to be a nice person. He probably personally knows the opposition leader or the previous one which is why he supports them.
When they support a Party, it is expected that they will dislike the other no matter what they do. They will never be pleased and satisfied.
I reside in Canada. A few years ago I switched Parties due to my dissatisfaction. I voted for a Party, not that I honor and praise that Party but I viewed the situation of who can do better for Canada and the province where I reside, in general and so I voted for that Party.
I do not hate anyone. In fact in the area where I reside, the Party who won is not the one I voted for. If I have a concern I will write this MP, Member of Parliament and also MPP, Member of the Legislature where applicable.
They have a record of electors but they do not know who voted for them or not. They can check if I voted but they do not know who I voted for. I will not inform them who I voted for and they have no right to ask or to know. They dare not for, if reported they could lose their position. This is the way it should be.
Unfortunately it is not so in a small country as Dominica. It is sad though which is why there is unrest during election time. People must learn to act as genuine Christians.
If I am not satisfied with a PM or the MP or MPP in the riding I will patiently and peacefully wait on election day and vote for the one who, in my estimation, served the best.
Alleyne’s contention was indeed challenged on the “Next Level” radio programme on Kairi on Saturday 15 September with the Attorney General present.
Alleyne’s interpretation would leave the country without a president for over 14 days. The other interpretation, which was the one that was used, left the shortest gap possible and fulfilled all of the main points of the constitution on this issue.
Only at times of crisis, as with Degazon and Armour did we have gaps. Why chose a path that will create a crisis situation when it is not neccessary?
@ Wallhouse
Degazon fled for his life. This was due to ‘the crisis’ in Dominica. It was not everyone’s doing but that of some radicals. It was an uncontrollable situation which is why Dominica lost a lot of good, intelligent men and workers at that time and thereafter. They could not cope with the garbage which was going on in Dominica. It was not a good reflection of Dominica which got a bad reputation due to this uprising.
Pray that this will never occur in Dominica in the future.
DNO what of Lawyer Jenner B. M. Armour? He also served as President. Why the omission. I’m sure this is an oversight on your part.
ADMIN: Jenner Armour was never an incumbent president. He only served in the capacity of ‘acting president’ from 21 June 1979 to 25 February 1980 in the place of Fred Degazon who had fled the island during the 1979 unrest.
For the sake of our history, to me since Jenner Armour served as ‘acting president’ for well over six months, he is among persons who have served as president.
What about OJ Seraphin who did not serve as PM because he won an election? Is he not among those who have served as PM? Will Daniel carbon not be among police commissioner because he is acting police commissioner now?
We cannot consider Austie as one of our PM’s because he was acting while Mr. Skeritt was out. That is different from Mr. Armour because the then president fled the country and Armour served for almost eight months.
Incumbent what? Why don’t you just accept your mistake instead of trying to justify it? Firstly, Degazon served for six(6) months and Jenner served NINE(9), why don’t you just recognize the man and move on. Jenner Armour served in the same capacity as Degazon did, meaning he had the authority to perform the same duties as degazon. So why are you trying to reduce him now?
ADMIN: Here is the link to the lists of presidents of Dominica from the official website of the President. It gives the list of presidents up to Vernon Shaw. Armour was not listed because he was an acting president. http://presidentoffice.gov.dm/former_presidents/former_presidents.html
Ladies time for us to step up: we need a female president!
And yes we need a gender balance, any political party makling that move willbe rewarded with some political gains
It will come in time. Maybe the next generation?
Tell the girls to study hard and to obtain their degrees. 
hooray to Dominica News on Line. Good Good Good Stuff. No nonsense. i will print and keep in my safety safe.
This is great information for students! Print and Share!
good post DNO
Interesting Stuff DNO. Could we suggest that DNO occasional feed its readers with blasts of sociopolitical historical tit-bits.?
http://presidentoffice.gov.dm/rules_of_protocol/rules_of_protocol.html
i like the informative spirit of our presidency. Maybe this information should’ve been out before the election so some persons may understand certain aspects of the “no presidency”.
Is it true that if we do not have a President, even for 14 days, that could be very risky ? Also what is the specific role of the President ?
Good job for the History lesson DNO. I still think though that the position of President in Dominica is more of a ribbon cutting business! Just paying tax payers money for …..
In addition i think that Crispin Sorhainddo was the last President of any integrity that we had. The earlier presidents actually were involved in happenings. The recent presidents seemed to specialise in opening and closing the house, accepting salutes during National Day parade and keeping silent on issues of constitutional importance!
and what is papi? lol lol
what of the acting Presidents? Even if they were not elected, they too deserve some mention for keeping the state afloat especially during times of crisis. In that regard, I refer specifically to the role played by the late Jenner Armour who acted President for quite some time until things normalised following the vacuum left when Cools- Lartigue was forced to resign.
Interestingly enough we had a St. Lucian born president! Wat a ting! And on top of that he fled from the country in our most vulnerable moment! Hmmm
For some reason I don’t know why that history isn’t taught in our schools instead of that Christopher Columbus crap
That is true. The first wrong they had there was: “Dominica was discovered by Christopher Columbus”.. HELLO!! Caribbean, Caribs… Our Indigenous People. HELLO!!.
How about it being taught in schools IN ADDITION to the Christopher Columbus ‘crap.’
I don’t know about you but I want my kids to know local history but I also want them to know all about the Christopher Columbus crap and all what happened after.
Can you imagine them NOT knowing???
Blanket statements usually serve little useful purpose. We need to think before we make them.
@ Zor
So you think that Christopher Columbus and teaching about him are crap. Another radical, eh which requires no further comment except to say that Christopher Columbus discovered Dominica and other islands and the president did not. There is nothing you can do about it. Hope this satisfies your radical mind.
Attn DNO: You give info about all the Presidents, where is Mr MARIE own? I would like to know more about him. All I know – as a child growing up is that he was a Magistrate in Portsmouth.
Thank you
**THINGS WE SHOULD KNOW**
Thank You DNO for the highlightS of our presidential history.
It is important to know our history.When we speak we must speak from Knowledge. When we indulge in political arguments we must do so from strengh through knowledge.
A smarter nation is a better nation!!
-Thanks
thanks for the info. DNO…very informative…keep educating the public!
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